Table 2. Changes in muscle activity between bridge exercise and sling bridge exercise

Parameters	Bridge exercise	Sling bridge exercise	t-value	p-value	Effect size
GM	35.01 ± 4.37	55.87 ± 5.99	12.401	0.001*	3.98
BF	20.45 ± 5.47	45.33 ± 6.09	12.155	0.001*	4.30
Rt. MF	31.02 ± 6.10	49.40 ± 5.55	9.927	0.001*	3.15
Lt. MF	30.25 ± 6.52	50.99 ± 6.49	10.759	0.001*	3.20
RPE	3.6 ± 0.3	3.8 ± 0.5	1.960	0.065	0.68
HRV	19.1 ± 2.9	32 ± 3.45	33.664	0.001*	4.05

Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation. MVIC: maximum voluntary isometric contraction, GM: gluteus maximus, BF: biceps femoris, Rt MF: right multifidus, Lt MF: left multifidus, RPE: rating of perceived exertion, HRV: heart rate variability.
p < 0.05. Data are expressed as mean ± SD.