Table 1. Subject’s characteristics

Characteristics	Frail (n=16)	Pre-frail (n=30)	Statistics	p-value
Age (years)	81.38±6.22	81.80±6.55	236.50^a	0.943
Female /male (n)	12/4	17/13	0.220^b	0.338
Height (cm)	154.72±5.73	159.55±8.19	153.50^a	0.047
Weight (kg)	60.03±9.40	62.65±9.71	-0.864^c	0.392
BMI (kg/m²)	25.09±3.75	24.54±2.72	0.575^c	0.568
MMSE (score)	25.00±2.97	26.78±2.73	137.50^a	0.017
SPPB (score)	9.13±1.96	10.45±1.57	128.50^a	0.009
SLS (s)	7.35±7.20	13.19±14.34	186.00^a	0.217
SARC-F (score)	2.50±2.61	0.56±0.91	386.00^a	<.001

BMI, body mass index; MMSE, mini-mental state examination; SARC-F, strength, assistance with walking, rising from a chair, climbing stairs, and falls questionnaire; SLS, single leg stance; SPPB, short physical performance battery.
Mann–Whitney U test,
Chi-square test,
Independent t-test.