Table 2. Comparison of abductor hallucis activity between TSO and TSOP exercise

%MVIC	Mean±SD		Difference value	t	p	Effect size
%MVIC	TSO	TSOP	Difference value	t	p	Effect size
AbdH	8.67±2.26	13.32±2.06	–4.65	–12.74	<0.001*	3.28

AbdH, abductor hallucis; TSO, toe-spread-out; TSOP, toe-spread-out exercise with pressure biofeedback; %MVIC, percentage maximal voluntary isometric contraction; SD, standard deviation. Effect size (Cohen’s dz) was calculated for the paired t-test.
Significant difference (p<0.05).